New energy vehicles include pure electric vehicles, extended-range electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, hydrogen engine vehicles, etc.

Pure electric vehicle
A pure electric vehicle (Battery Electric Vehicles, BEV) is a type of vehicle that uses a single battery as its energy storage power source. It utilizes the battery to provide electrical energy to the electric motor, driving the motor to operate and thus propelling the vehicle. The rechargeable batteries for pure electric vehicles mainly include lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, and lithium-ion batteries, which can provide power for pure electric vehicles. At the same time, pure electric vehicles also store electrical energy through the battery to drive the motor, allowing the vehicle to operate normally.
 

Hybrid electric vehicle
A hybrid electric vehicle (Hybrid Electric Vehicle, HEV) is a vehicle whose main drive system is composed of at least two individual drive systems that can operate simultaneously. The driving power of a hybrid electric vehicle mainly depends on the vehicle's driving state: one is provided solely by a single drive system; the second is provided jointly by multiple drive systems.
 

Fuel cell electric vehicle
A fuel cell electric vehicle (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle, FCEV) uses hydrogen, methanol, natural gas, gasoline, etc., as reactants to burn with oxygen in the air in the battery under the action of a catalyst, thereby providing power for the vehicle. Essentially, fuel cell electric vehicles are also a type of electric vehicle, and they share many similarities in performance and design with electric vehicles. They are categorized separately because fuel cell electric vehicles convert hydrogen, methanol, natural gas, gasoline, etc., into electrical energy through chemical reactions, while pure electric vehicles rely on charging to replenish electrical energy.
 

Hydrogen engine vehicle
Hydrogen-powered vehicles (Hydrogen Powered Vehicle, abbreviated as HPV) primarily use hydrogen fuel cells as fuel. Hydrogen-powered vehicles are the most environmentally friendly type of new energy vehicles, achieving zero pollution and zero emissions. However, the production cost of hydrogen-powered vehicles is significantly higher, with costs exceeding traditional fuel vehicles by 20%. Additionally, the battery costs for hydrogen-powered vehicles are very high, and practical production is limited by storage and transportation conditions, making actual application difficult.
 

Extended-range electric vehicle
An extended-range electric vehicle (Extended Range Electric Vehicle, abbreviated as EREV) is similar to an electric vehicle, providing kinetic energy to the motor through the battery, driving the motor to propel the vehicle. However, an extended-range electric vehicle is equipped with a gasoline or diesel engine, which can be used to recharge the battery when the battery's charge is too low.
 

Methanol vehicle
A vehicle that uses methanol instead of petroleum fuel.
 

Pneumatic vehicle
Compressed air-powered vehicles (Airpowered vehicle - APV), abbreviated as pneumatic vehicles, use high-pressure compressed air as a power source, converting the stored pressure energy of compressed air into other forms of mechanical energy to drive the vehicle. Theoretically, other gas-powered vehicles that use liquid air and liquid nitrogen for work through heat absorption and expansion should also fall under the category of pneumatic vehicles.
 

Flywheel energy storage vehicle
The process of converting part of the vehicle's kinetic energy or gravitational potential energy into other forms of energy stored in a high-speed flywheel during deceleration or braking. The flywheel uses magnetic levitation to rotate at high speeds of 70,000 r/min. It serves as an auxiliary in hybrid electric vehicles, with advantages including improved energy efficiency, lightweight high energy storage, quick energy response, low maintenance, and long lifespan. However, its disadvantages include high costs and the influence of the flywheel's gyroscopic effect on vehicle steering.
 

Supercapacitor vehicle
Supercapacitors are capacitors that utilize the principle of double electric layers. Under the electric field generated by the charges on the two plates of the supercapacitor, opposite charges are formed at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode to balance the internal electric field of the electrolyte. This positive and negative charge is arranged at opposite positions on the contact surface between the two different phases, creating a charge distribution layer known as the double electric layer, resulting in a very large capacitance. (The Expo Line at the 2010 Shanghai World Expo has used this vehicle.) The hybrid power source composed of supercapacitors and batteries can fully meet the energy needs of the vehicle during operation and can buffer the impact of instantaneous high power on the energy storage system, extending the battery's lifespan. Additionally, supercapacitors can charge with high instantaneous current, allowing for more efficient energy recovery.